Lgbt Should Have The Same Facilities Like A Man And Woman

Do you think fair to say in our society only two type of gender is main? Do you think LGBT should have the same facilities like a man and woman in our society? You might think what is LGBT? LGBT stand for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. LGBT existed in American society since the 17th century. It has have been a big issue since then. In 1958, in Inc. v. Olesen US supreme court first rules in favor of LGBT. They were not safe and protected in American society, even after the civil war. Since 1865, LGBT has not realized the full protections of the 14th amendment. They were not getting full protections of the 14th amendment because people in our society didn t want to give them equal rights like others and see them differently. When†¦show more content†¦They faced lots of violence from police since 1865. When LGBT went outside they were stopped police more often and got mistreated. When they went to police with their problems, they were harassed by police. The articl e The Evolution of a Revolution: From Demonstration to Celebrate - The Birth of Pride by Shamey Cramer support this claim. In that article, In 1970, Howard Efland, a gay man, who was brutally murdered by members of the Los Angeles Police Department because he was found in a hotel where gay people have sex. Cramer wrote in this article that â€Å"Witnesses stated that when the police raided the place, they beat him, dragged him down the hall, naked, bleeding and screaming. Then they threw him into the back of the police wagon.† This evidence showed police were handling LGBT’s issue with more force than necessary and they did not treat them fairly. This was mistreatment because when police found that out they started violence without talking people in that hotel. Police should not beat people to dead in first chance. They faced horrible violence from police. This source has some weaknesses This author only talk about bad things about LAPD, the author didn’t put m ore attention on the fact that it was a hotel where gay people had sex and all the witness were from that hotel. They didn’t have any outside witnesses. The witness can exaggerate the event because it happened to their people. This event was not the

Punishment in Ancient Medieval India and the World Free Essays

ASSIGNMENT ON Presence of Illegal Bangladeshi Immigrants: A Grave Threat to India’s Internal Security Submitted By: Dhanya Babu 32712001 1st Year M. A Criminology INTRODUCTION The illegal immigrants from Bangladesh who are present in large numbers in India poses a grave threat to India’s internal security. It is found that there are around 10-20 million illegal Bangladeshi migrants in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment in Ancient Medieval India and the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unchecked and unregulated migration flows together with high fertility rates could create an alarming situation. Though attempts have been made in India to prevent illegal migration, they have been relatively weak. The 25-member committee, led by Bharatiya Janata Party leader Sushma Swaraj, took note of reports that counterfeit notes were in large circulation along the India-Bangladesh border and presence of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in large numbers poses a grave threat to India’s internal security and the government should take it seriously and strictly monitor their movement. It took cognisance of reports that illegal Bangladeshi migrants were able to secure ration cards, driving licences, voter identity cards and even PAN cards. Media reports have attributed claims to the intelligence sources that terrorist groups have been recruiting Bangladeshis in India. It has also been reported that certain Bangladeshi insurgent groups were involved in the terrorist incidents in our country. Illegal Bangladeshi Migrants are also threat to language and culture of Assam. ULFA which arose as a protest against Bangladeshis lost credibility only when its leaders took shelter in Bangladesh after the Bhutanese operation against the group in December 2003. Arrest of Bangladeshi national S. M. Alam in January 2008 by Assam Police revealed ISI’s plan to turn northeast into a volatile region. The migrants have also spread into other places like Dimapur and Kohima. The illegal migrants are not involved into terrorism in a big way, but involved in gun running, fake currency rackets and drug running etc. Illegal Immigration – Why and How? Growing population pressure in Bangladesh acts as a push factor whereas growing Indian economy, relatively less pressure on land and weak state resistance act as pull factor. Islamic fundamentalist extremist groups are growing in Bangladesh and they are able to expand their activities in West Bengal as well. Some of such organistaions are Jamait-e-Islami-e-Hind, Jamait-Ahle-Hadis, Students Islamic Organization (SIO), Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and Tabligh-e-Jamat. Four of them are most active. Meetings have taken place between Jamaat-e-Islami and West Bengal based radical Muslim organizations and it is believed that ISI is behind them. There has been a growth of unauthorized, illegal madrassas all over West Bengal particularly along the Bangladesh border. They are also using Kolkota and Agartala as bases being close to the border and people from both sides speak the same language. There are also groups which are directly involved in subversive activities such as HUJI. Siliguri town acts as gateway to Guwahati, Gangtok and Kishengunj and also shares the border with Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. Important highways, railways tracks, vital installations such as the airfields of Bagdogra and Hashimara and oil pipelines are located here. Increase in Muslim population in Siliguri and adjoining areas has grown at an astonishing 150% in the past seven years. There are villages in and around Siliguri which have curious population mix and often act as heaven for ISI operatives. The villages have some 2,000 Pashto and Baloch settlers from Afghanistan along with 6,000 Iraninas. The increased activity of the ISI has endangered the security of the Siliguri corridor. ISI attempted sabotage in 1999 following a bomb blast at New Jalpaiguri Station. Steps Taken: To prevent the illegal immigration, the Union Home Ministry has taken various measures like construction of border fencing, flood lighting and roads to enable more effective patrolling etc. Assignment of border guarding duties on the Indo-Bangladesh border to a single force, Border Security Force, augmentation of its strength through additional battalions, reduction of gaps between border outposts, and provision of modern surveillance and other equipment and gadgetry to BSF are some other steps. The Home Ministry has also been issuing instructions to state governments and Union Territories from time to time to take sustained action to detect foreign nationals, including Bangladeshi nationals, staying illegally in the country. As many as 32 Foreign Tribunals under the provisions of the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, have also been constituted in Assam for detention of illegal migrants and foreigners. The issue of illegal migrants from Bangladesh also figured prominently in the recent talks between the heads of Border Security Force and Bangladesh Rifles in Delhi. Steps Ought to be Taken: The following are some steps which can be taken to put an end to the illegal immigration in the country from Bangaldesh. Diplomatic Effort – India has to make diplomatic effort to get Bangladesh to cooperate as illegal migration cannot be solved in an effective manner unless sending country cooperates. Sharing of digital database of its citizens will make it easier. * Financial Incentives: India should think of offering illegal migrants financial incentives in the form of liberal trade regime, an infusion of aid and investment. * Coercive Diplomacy- The action of security forces should clearly convey to the ill egal migrants that they would face greater danger if they try to cross the border. Better Border Management- Fencing, construction of border roads and proper management of border will make a difference * Use better Indo-Bangladesh relations- Both the countries have better relations and both side should demarcate remaining 6. 5 km of the border and the areas in adverse possession should be negotiated and form well defined border * Unique Identification Number (UID) scheme – Compilation of data is likely to reduce the comfort level of fresh illegal migrants. Bar from Voting rights- Bangladeshi who are already in could be allowed to work but should not be allowed to vote and this will diminish their ability to influence government decisions by being a political force. CONCLUSION The illegal Bangladeshi migration was not the core focus of the government but it has been forced to take a close look at the problem as the terror incidents grew in intensity and frequency. India must g o for better border management and effective record keeping of its nationals so that outsiders are easily identified and discouraged from infiltrating. How to cite Punishment in Ancient Medieval India and the World, Papers

Report on Foreign Remittance free essay sample

The organization attachment started on February 01, 2006 and finished on April 31, 2006. My organization supervisor Mr Fuad Yusuf Khan (Manager, Motijhil Booth, HSBC) assigned me the topic of the term paper my institution supervisor at Independent University Mrs. Sardana Islam, duly approved it. The report will definitely identify how the corporate world really works and how the Remittance are approved and disbursed; and will help to apply theoretical knowledge in the practical life. 1. 2 Background of the study: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Bangladesh were the most diversified banking service providers in Bangladesh, as they had various products and services for the customers. HSBC was always in the lookout for various financial opportunities. Towards this end, HSBC is intending to introduce new products and services of Payment and Cash Management for the corporate clients to serve them more efficiently also they were intending to find what they were lacking in Payment Cash Management services 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Foreign Remittance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 Objective of the study: The purposes of this report cognates the internship purpose. The internship objective was to gather practical knowledge and experience of the corporate working environment with the close approximation to the business firm and the experts who are leading and making strategic decisions to enhance the growth of a financial institution. To this regard this report is contemplating the knowledge and experience accumulated from internship program. With the set guidelines and proposal by the School of Business of Independent University and with the kind advice of both the Organization and Internship Supervisor this report comprise of an organization part and a project part. The prime objective of the organization part is: To present an overview and brief introduction of HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. The Specific objectives of the project part are: ? To depict the Foreign operations by NSC, HSBC Bank Ltd, Motijheel branch. ? To know deeply about Import, Export and Remittance. ? To learn about the procedure of handling Inward Outward Remittances by NSC, HSBC. ? To make analysis of Inward Outward Remittances through HSBC. 1. 3 Scope The scope of this report is limited to literature review (consisting of banking environment of Bangladesh, overview of HSBC group and overview of HSBC Bangladesh), overview of Network Service Centre (NSC), foreign outward and inward remittance, its analysis and recommendation. In the main report I discussed about the activities of Network Service Centre (NSC) of HSBC Bank Limited at its Motijheel office. I also discussed about foreign inward and outward remittance in detail. I made an analysis of Foreign Inward and Outward Remittances under local currency account of HSBC. Foreign inward and outward remittances under foreign currency account are excluded due to simplicity and restriction on data collection. Foreign remittances against Import and Export are excluded. 1. 4 Methodology Both the primary as well as the secondary form of information was used to prepare the report. The details of these sources are highlighted below. 1. 4. 1 Primary Sources Major sources of primary information were discussions with Mr. A. T. M Afsaruzzaman Assistant Officer, HSBC and Other assistant officers at NSC, Motijheel Branch. 1. 4. 2 Secondary Sources Sources of secondary data can be defined as: Internal Sources Bangladesh bank return report Banks Annual Report Group Business Principal manual Group Instruction Manual (GIM) Business Instruction Manual (BIM) Prior research report Any information and literature regarding the Banking sector External Sources Different books and periodicals related to the banking sector Bangladesh Bank Report Newspapers Website information 1. 5 Limitations An Internee has to complete the internship and prepare an internship report within a semester. In briefly, I faced following limitations during the time of preparing this report. Since I was an intern of â€Å"Foreign Remittance Department† of HSBC Motijhil, I was not allowed to stay in other departments for a long period. That is why it was really a big trouble for me to prepare an internship report on Freign Remitance staying in Anchor Tower at Banglamotor Booth. I had to visit Head office frequently to collect these data. As per Bank’s compliance, as an intern I was unable to obtain indispensable experiences of different departments. Due to time shortage, details of many aspects of the services of HSBC Bangladesh Limited have been skipped in this report. One of the main barriers in writing this report was the confidentiality of data. Though I saw their internal procedure that is being used in processing and evaluating any documentary Remittance, but I was told strictly not to disclose that even in my internship report. Banking Environment in Bangladesh 1. History of Banking Industry in Bangladesh : The banking industry in Bangladesh is more than 600 years old. The first commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which opened in 1905. It is presently named Standard Chartered Grindlays Bank Ltd. after it’s acquisition by the Standard Chartered Bank. Since liberation, Bangladesh passed through fragile phases of development in the Banking sector. The nationalization of Banks in the post liberation period was intended to safe the institutions and the interest of the depositors. Those handling the banking sector have borne the burden of putting banks on reliable footings. Despite all that was done, some elements of irregularities appeared. The public sector management of banks left some negative effects in the money market in particular and the economy in general. The agility among the borrowers manipulates the banking sector as a whole. In effect, a default culture, among other effects, appeared on the scene. 2. Default Culture : The clever, among the user of banking services, have influenced the management of banks, for obtaining short term and long term loans. They sometimes showed inflated equity to get money for investment in businesses and industry. Few diverted their loan money to purposes different from the loan proposals, and invested in non profitable units have failed to repay their loans to the banks. For this reason new entrepreneurs are not getting capital while defaulting entrepreneurs have started obtaining either relief in the form of rescheduling of the repayment program or additional inevitable money for diversified units. Control by Central Bank : With the assertion of the role of the Central Bank, the Bangladesh Bank started adopting measures to check the default culture and to put banking institutions on the right track. As a result the Bangladeshi banking industry is now characterized by the tight banking rules and regulations set by Bangladesh bank. All banks and financial Institutions (FI) are highly governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act 1993, which lays out many restrictions, besides other guidelines. Among the many regulations imposed, Bangladesh Bank does not allow any FI get into bankruptcy or insolvency. 3. Opening of New Banks : The opening of private and foreign participants to the banking sector was intended to obtain desirable results from banking. The authorization of private banks was designed to create competition among the banks and competition in the form of efficiency within and the productivity in enterprises funded by banks. Government has recently issued licenses to 8 merchant banks. Primary decision has been taken to allow another couple of local commercial banks soon. 2. 5 Caution Against Opening of New Banks : Opening of the recently permitted new banks, without implementation of the needed reforms, could lead to unethical competition and horse- trading in the countrys troubled banking sector, according to the bankers. Mr. Lutfar Rahman Sarkar, Ex-governor Bangladesh Bank echoed his views and said Allowing the new banks, without restoring discipline and resolving their numerous problems, will create unhealthy atmosphere and unethical banking in the whole country. The international Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world Bank earlier asked the government to reconsider its decision to permit new banks without restoring discipline in the sector, crippled by huge amount of bad debts. 2. 6 Financial Institutions : Currently the major financial institutions under the banking system in Bangladesh are Bangladesh Bank ? Commrcial Banks ? Islamic Banks (For interest free Islamic banking in adherence to the shariah, i. e. , Islamic banking principles and practices) ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? Merchant Banks 2. 7 Performance and Growth : Performance (holding market share) in terms of deposit and advance are presented separately in the following figures: Source: Schedule Bank Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, July 2000 Among Foreign Banks, Standard Chartered Grindlays Bank is enjoying the name of the largest multinational bank operating in Bangladesh. According to the recent Schedule Bank Statistics, SCGB shares 32% of the market share of FCB’s in terms of deposit. SCGB holds the largest market share in terms of advance also among all the foreign banks. In recent days, the bank has concentrated in diversifying its operational activities in personal as well as retail banking. Source: Schedule Bank Statistics SCGB holds the largest market share in terms of advance also among all the foreign banks. In comparison, HSBC, Bangladesh, shares only 11% of the market share of FCB’s in terms of deposit. An Overview of HSBC Group 3. 1 Brief History The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 in Hong Kong and Shanghai to finance the growing trade between China and Europe. Thomas Sutherland, a Hong Kong Superintendent of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company helped to establish this bank in March 1865. Throughout the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the bank established a network of agencies and branches based mainly in China and South East Asia but also with representation in the Indian sub-continent, Japan, Europe and North America. The post-war political and economic changes in the world forced the bank to analyze its strategy for continued growth in the 1950s. The bank diversified both its business and its geographical spread through acquisitions and alliances. HSBC Holdings plc, the parent company of the HSBC Group, was established in 1991 with its shares quoted on both the London and Hong Kong stock exchanges. The HSBC Group now comprises a unique range of banks and financial service providers around the globe. 3. 2 Banks under the HSBC group Many of the members have changed their name into HSBC, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited to introduce the whole group under one brand name. Midland Bank, one of the principal UK clearing banks, was acquired by HSBC Holdings in 1992. Headquartered in London, the bank has a personal customer base of five and a half million, business customers of over half a million, and a network of almost 1,700 branches in the United Kingdom. Midland has offices in 28 countries and territories, principally in continental Europe, with a number of offices in Latin America. Hang Seng Bank, in which HongkongBank has a 62. 1% equity interest, maintains a network of 146 branches in the Hong Kong SAR, where it is the second-largest locally incorporated bank after HongkongBank. Hang Seng Bank also has a branch in Singapore and two branches and two representative offices in China. Marine Midland Bank, headquartered in Buffalo, New York, has 380 banking locations state-wide. The bank serves over two million personal customers and 120,000 commercial and institutional customers in New York State and, in selected businesses, throughout the United States. Hongkong Bank of Canada is the largest foreign-owned bank in Canada and the country’s seventh-largest bank. With headquarters in Vancouver, it has 116 branches across Canada and two branches in the western United States. Banco HSBC Bamerindus was established in Brazil in 1997. The bank has its head office in Curitibank and a network of some 1,900 branches and sub-branches, the second largest in Brazil. Hongkong Bank Malaysia is the largest foreign-owned bank in Malaysia and the country’s fifth-largest bank, with 36 branches. The British Bank of the Middle East (British Bank) is the largest and most widely represented international bank in the Middle East, with 31 branches throughout the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan, Lebanon and the Palestinian Autonomous Area, including an offshore banking unit in Bahrain. The bank also has branches in Mumbai and Trivandrum, India, and Baku, Azerbaijan, as well as private banking operations in London and Geneva. HSBC Banco Roberts was acquired in 1997. Based in Buenos Aires, it is one of Argentina’s largest privately owned banks, with 60 branches throughout the country. HongkongBank of Australia has 16 branches across Australia. It is the flagship of the HSBC Group’s businesses there, operating under the name HSBC Australia, and providing a complete range of financial services. The Saudi British Bank, a 40%-owned member of the HSBC Group, has 63 branches throughout Saudi Arabia and a branch in London. Other associated Group banks are British Arab Commercial Bank, The Cyprus Popular Bank and Egyptian British Bank. Wells Fargo HSBC Trade Bank is a San Francisco-based joint venture between HSBC and Wells Fargo Bank, providing trade finance and international banking services in the United States through its offices in five western states and in conjunction with Wells Fargo’s 32 regional commercial banking offices in 10 western states. In addition, the Group has a non-equity strategic alliance with Wells Fargo Bank, which provides access to a wide range of banking services through that bank’s more than 1,900 staffed outlets. The Group also has a non-equity alliance with Wachovia Corporation, one of the leading corporate banks in the United States, with business relationships in 50 states. 3. 3 HSBC Vision Statement: â€Å"We aim to satisfy our customers with high quality service that reflects our global image as the premier international bank† 3. 4 Objectives of HSBC: To beat mean Total Shareholder Return performance of a peer group of financial institutions over a three-year rolling average, with a minimum objective to double shareholder return value in five years. HSBC’s objectives are to provide innovative products supported by quality delivery of systems and excellence customer services, to train and motivate staffs and to exercise social responsibility. By combining regional strengths with group network HSBC’s aim is to be the one of the leading banks in its principle markets. HSBC’s goal is to achieve sustained earnings growth and to continue to enhance shareholders value. 3. 5 HSBC’s International Network: The HSBC Groups international network comprises of some 10,500 offices in 81 countries. 3. Country Classifications: To ensure that the key resources (management time, capital, human resources and information technology) are correctly allocated and that the exchange of best practice is accelerated between entities, the group has classified the countries where it operates into 3 categories: the large, the major and the international. These classifications are a function of sustainable, attributable earnings, th e number of retail clients, balance sheet and size of operation. A brief presentation of this classification is shown below: Large: Uniited Kingdom, USA and Hong Kong SAR/Mainland China. Major : Argentina, Canada, India, Malaysia, kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore and United Arab Emirates. International: The Rest of the World. 3. 7 International Brand: A key part of the Group’s business strategy, announced in 1998, is the creation of a global brand featuring the HSBC name and hexagon symbol. The symbol is now a familiar sight around the world. The Group has embarked on the next phase — making the HSBC brand universally synonymous with its core values of integrity, trust and excellent customer service. . 8 Corporate Character : HSBC is a prudent, cost conscious, ethically grounded, conservative, trustworthy international builder of long-term customer relationships. 3. 9 Basic Drives : HSBC’s basic drives are Higher Productivity, Team Orientation, and Creative Organization Customer Orientation. The essence of HSBC brand is integrity, trust and excellent customer service. It gives confi dence to customers, value to investors comfort to colleagues. 3. 10 Products and Services :

Converting Yards to Meters - Example Problem

Converting Yards to Meters Problem This example problem demonstrates how to convert 100 yards to meters. Both yards and meters are common units of length, so the conversion is simple: Yards to Meter Conversion Problem   An American football field has 100 yards of playing field. How far is this in meters?SolutionStart out with a conversion factor: 1 yard 0.9144 metersSet up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want m to be the remaining unit.distance in m (distance in yard) x (0.9144 m/1 yd)distance in m (100 x 0.9144) mdistance in m 91.44 mAnswer100 yards is equal to 91.44 meters.Many conversion factors  are difficult to remember. Feet to meters would fall into this category. An alternate method to perform this conversion is to use multiple easily remembered steps.1 yard 3 feet1 foot 12 inches1 inch 2.54 centimeters100 centimeters 1 meter Using these steps we can express a distance in meters from yards as:distance in m (distance in yd) x (3 ft/1 yd) (12 in/1 ft) x (2.54 cm/1 in) x (1 m/100 cm)distance in m (distance in yd) x 0.9144 m/ydNote this gives the same conversion factor as above. The only thing to watch out for is for the intermediate units to cancel out.

Making a Great Impression Part 2 More Job and Scholarship Application Tips

Making a Great Impression Part 2 More Job and Scholarship Application Tips Welcome to the second part of The Essay Experts 2-part article about how to craft great job and scholarship applications.  Remember, many of these tips apply to interviews too! For the first 5 tips click here . Here are my next 5 tips  to avoid these common pitfalls in your writing and get yourself noticed! 6. Lack of clear organization or focus If your writing or speaking lacks organization or focus, you are almost sure to lose your audiences attention. In a good essay, the writer is clear about the purpose of every word and every sentence. Stay focused as to what you are writing, where you are going, and why youre saying what youre saying. Sometimes, focus is difficult to maintain on your own; after all, you understand yourself perfectly and have infinite patience for yourself! It takes trained eyes and ears to evaluate whether you?re really getting your point across. 7. Speaking in generalities Heres an example of a sentence that is too general to have its intended effect: I am a hard working, determined individual driven by success and the love for acquiring knowledge. Without examples of this hard work, determination, and love of knowledge, this sentence doesnt say much of anything. The applicant would be better served by giving a concrete example of even one of these attributes. By describing a challenge she faced and how she handled it, she will keep the audiences attention and make the impression she wants. 8. Complaining or speaking negatively about past experiences If you say anything negative about a prior position, your reader or interviewer will expect you to be complaining about your new position in short order. There are ways to give even the most negative experiences a positive spin. Not sure its possible? Speak with The Essay Expert. 9. Using formal or stilted language in written materials You are writing to human beings. Write to them in conversational English. Although you do not want to get too casual with your language, you also do not want to sound awkward or pretentious. We recommend reading your writing aloud before pushing the send button. You might realize things about your language   and your punctuation   that you would never have noticed by reading silently! 10. Including extra information or attachments Unless expressly invited to do so on an application, do not attach outside information, attachments, videos, links to websites, pdfs, etc. as supplementary materials. If you are unsure about the guidelines, there is no shame in calling the company to ask. Its better to be safe and to follow instructions exactly. Achieving success with your job and scholarship applications requires a lot of work and a lot of revisions. Work with The Essay Expert if you dont want to do it all on your own. Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinJune 1, 2009

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Health care - Essay Example The Sage online dictionary defines health as ‘the general condition of body and mind’, as well as ‘A healthy state of well-being free from disease’ (The Sages Dictionary Online, 2012). This literal meaning assumes relative proportions when visualized through the glass of personal viewpoint on health, which might differ in individuals, or be heavily influenced by cultural and ethnic identity. A more comprehensive definition, as standardized and agreed upon by pertinent authorities in the World Health Organization (WHO), framed in the year 1946, states that ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (Awofeso, 2012). The WHO bulletin claims that health was considered a divine gift in antiquity, until Hippocrates rationalized its comprehension as a physical state attained by following the basic tenets of sanitation and a good lifestyle. A more recent definition which includes the element of psychological health, with particular emphasis on human health, is the one given by Bircher, which states that health is a dynamic state of well-being characterized by a physical and mental potential, which satisfies the demands of life commensurate with age, culture, and personal responsibility (Bircher, 2005). The WHO definition has persisted for 60 years but has come under criticism due to the emergence of new patterns of illness due to the high number of aged persons in the world, who ironically survive due to better healthcare facilities developed over the years (Huber, Knottnerus, Green, et al 2011). Health promotion literally translates into any activity undertaken to maintain good health, as comprehended as a layperson. Technically, however, definition of the phrase is again provided by WHO which, in its Ottawa charter adopted in Geneva in the year 1986, states that ‘Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’ (WHO,

A critical discussion of the urban experience in relation to the issue Essay

A critical discussion of the urban experience in relation to the issue of gender - Essay Example ‘Men and women’s conception, experience, and use of urban space is different’ (McDowell, 1983: 59). Bondi claims that ‘urban space creates, imposes, reflects and distinguishes divisions between men and women’s experiences, control and use of public and private spaces in urban environments’ (1998: 161). The study of gender and geography has, since the late 1970’s been interested in the differing experiences of men and women in the city. For example, feminist geographers including McDowell (1983) and Darke (1996) have investigated how land use in the city has impacted on the way men and women live their lives, and how the role of gender impacts on the day to day experiences of men and women within the urban environment. This essay aims to explore how gender roles are played out within urban spaces. ‘Women writing on cities have arrived at differing conclusions’ (Darke, 1996: 88). Wilson (2001) for example experiences cities as exciting and liberating public environments and an escape from patriarchal imposed identities. However, she also acknowledges that ‘in recent years feminist have argued that there could never be a female flanuer†¦urban scene was at all times represented from the point of view of the male gaze: in painting and photographs men voyeuristically stare, women are passively subjected to the gaze’ (Wilson, 1992: 56). The differing viewpoints between feminist geographers themselves highlight the complex nature relating to studying gender in the urban environment. ... Male domination led to men being the rulers, decision makers, generals and cultural leaders. Women were often subjected to domestic roles, hidden from public space. The introduction of women’s voting rights and gender equality laws went some way to rebalance gendered experience of the city as the 20th Century drew to a close. ‘However, even though legal barriers to women’s access to jobs and particular buildings have been removed, women are still excluded and made to feel uncomfortable in public space’ (Darke, 1996: 92). For example, Cockburn (1983) highlights how women receive not so subtle behavioural signals that tell them they are trespassing on the territory of men, e.g. wolf whistles on the street, sexual harassment in the work place and street posters depicting half naked women. Various authors including Darke (1996: 88) and Lewis et al (1989: 215) have highlighted that zoning patterns, based on stereotypical gender roles have created divisions betwe en gendered experiences of the city, in which men control public space, hence becoming more specialised and important components of identity in the public sphere, whilst women are confined to private spaces. This is emphasised by Bondi ‘an important association remains between masculinity, public space and the city, on the one hand, and between femininity, private space, and the suburbs on the other hand’ (1998: 162). The ‘city of zones’ therefore compartmentalises activities such as work, leisure, travel and home life. Women are primarily seen as wives and mothers, whilst men are viewed as the breadwinner, whose job it is to go out into the public realm to earn a living and provide for ‘his family’. Darke’s (1996)